mercredi 5 octobre 2011

Marine Aquarium

Marine fishkeeping history



The very first offshore tanks ended up Venetian goblet jars the place that the Romans kept anemones outdoors, but these types of programs ended up really simple lived. The first personal saltwater fishkeeping commenced for a greater machine inside 1950s, starting off with all the basic rectangular glass aquariums (usually thirty gallon), still favorite today. Bleached barrier and a substrate of coarse crushed coral were being the particular norm. Algae, such as advantageous kinds for instance coralline algae, had been viewed adversely plus have been typically removed. The clean, sterile aquarium seemed to be seen as your healthiest.



During the first a short time involving marine aquaria, saltwater seemed to be amassed at area beaches. Natural saltwater includes many undesired organisms and pollutants. Aquarium booklets of the time indicates of which essentially the most commonly held marine fish were your percula clownfish, sergeant major damselfish, small, brackish-water pufferfish and also scats, jeweled blennies, and also glowing blue damsels. Aquariums were being set up by using significant atmosphere compressors, along with had been intensely aerated along with filtered (primarily by using undergravel filters, a majority for a few time).



An ever-growing availablility of hobbyists having the actual inconvenience of getting natural sea water and also the concurrent development of analytical chemistry techniques ended in analysis into your chemical composition with ocean water. Synthetic salt mixes have been developed that will replicate the actual compound environment of the tropical ocean, like find elements as well as salts. This improvement produced marine fishkeeping well-known throughout locations without having admission to wash marine water.



Air driven, counter-current protein skimmers as well as dependable submersible utility heaters were invented in Germany. Various advances around filtration involved trickle along with hang-on filters, each enabling an added natural equilibrium within the tank environment. The growth involving fluorescent lighting effects know-how to supply increased output, together along with sheet metal halide lighting, empowered the particular first offshore tanks, making it doable to help continue corals and also other invertebrates not having natural sunlight.



More economical chemical testing helped aquarists to recognise the actual chemical properties involving aquariums. By the particular 1980s, your biologically-based realizing associated with the right way to sustain an man made ocean environment brought much more successful and also widespread marine fishkeeping.



Modern fishkeeping



Marine aquarium components



The major components will be an aquarium, usually made out of glass or acrylic, purification equipment, lighting, and an tank heater. Marine aquariums can selection in volume out of less than 80 liters, (< something like 20 US gal) to over 1,200 litres (300 US gal). Small quantities will be more difficult to help sustain with the faster changes in water chemistry. The major saltwater aquariums are involving 160 along with 400 liters (40 plus 100 US gal).



Nano ocean tank maintained at home



Types connected with marine aquariums



Marine aquarists generally divide saltwater aquariums directly into these homes fish only, people homes fish having reside rock, and people primarily which will residence corals in addition to different invertebrates (also generally known as saltwater aquariums). Many species of fish hobbyists also try to portion the actual styles involving saltwater tanks according to the water temps that they're kept.



Tropical marine



The most familiar sort of saltwater species of fish tank, the warm marine tank, residences marine creatures from tropical climates. Usually kept involving 24 that will 28 degrees Celsius (76-82 F), these tanks incorporate tropical reef tanks, as well as fish-only tanks. These tanks often possess a low concentrations associated with microscopic plankton in addition to alternative food eaten by simply filter feeders. Most livestock to get all these aquariums will be acquired through commercial means.



Temperate marine (coldwater marine)



A temperate marine aquarium



One belonging to the much more obscure sorts of perch tanks, that coldwater marine tank, supports perch involving temperate climates, together with temperatures varying all over 10 in order to 24 levels Celsius (5075F). While such tanks will not be when pleasantly desirable because their particular sultry counterparts, multi-colored species including dahlia anemones and the opulent cowfish is often found. However the majority of coldwater bass are gray or uninteresting throughout color. Most colorful types are merely from the american pacific. These tanks likewise are likely to necessitate further ability in order to maintain.



Since coldwater cnidaria will be hard to find in addition to coldwater corals exclusively arise at superb depths, hobbyists are largely limited to be able to fish, crustaceans and mollusks. Since generally there have grown number of commercially offered coldwater fish, hobbyists normally need to pieces of paper attain specimens. The most familiar method of achieving this is by trolling or seining. Unlike commercially offered exotic fish, in whose conduct designs and also container compatibilities are nicely documented, coldwater fish require significantly local ichthyology know-how in order to maintain them.



Many temperate sea food possess specific area diet requirements, even though others, like tautog (blackfish), will eat practically crustacean or perhaps taken foods. The blackfish can't be held using crabs as well as mollusks, although various other fish, such as the oyster xmas cracker toadfish, will do very good together with any kind of seafood that is certainly not small enough to fit straight into it has the mouth. Due to help the item staying a real local hobby, not many individuals go that road associated with neighborhood tanks. However, some people become more cost-effective when compared with reef tanks, cheaper along with less complicated to be able to maintain, along with the sea food hardier. Most coldwater hobbyists commence at the youthful age, and it also takes knowledge just before it's possible to successfully appraise the particular child stroller belonging to the species of fish in your area.[citation needed]



Live rock



Main article: Live rock



Live are a blast is usually rock which was within the ocean, consists of limestone and decomposing coral skeleton, usually around some sort of coral offshore just like people close to Fiji, as well as being generally insured with beneficial algae, coralline and also tiny invertebrates and also bacteria that are attractive in the aquarium. Some and also the the microfauna often observed on reside rock tend to be crabs, snails, feather dusters, brittle stars, starfish, limpets, abalones, in addition to an intermittent marine urchin, seashore anemone, coral, as well as marine sponge. Also, that the aquarist can be unlucky, a mantis shrimp. Bristleworms will also be common, nearly all of which, though unattractive, are certainly not unsafe and they are practical scavengers; some varieties is usually pests, however. The inclusion associated with reside good ole' can be one of many best solutions to be sure a healthy aquarium, as being the rock provides some sort of stream to maint ain higher pH (8.0-8.3), alkalinity, and also acid-neutralizing capacity. Alkalinity is often acknowledged by way of a instead baffling term, "carbonate hardness", or even KH. This can be generally calculated around "degrees" (dKH) or meq/L.



The microfauna found on dwell are insane usually are detrivores in addition to herbivores (as many people have algae as well as bass waste), and also present fish with a natural, desirable shelter. Live rock usually arrives from on-line sellers since "uncured", and also must be quarantined in a very split tank even though undergoing this healing process, that involves the unavoidable die-off regarding some of the rock's inhabitants as well as the subsequent output associated with unattractive ammonia in addition to nitrite. Live rock that is definitely witout a doubt cured exists at most puppy merchants that compliment saltwater. Live crushed lime stone is related to stay rock and roll it is each desirable.



Filtration



A brand new sump together with three chambers like a new protein skimmer



Main article: Filter (aquarium)



In general, marine aquariums have got far more difficult filtration conditions than almost all freshwater aquariums. The various features generally incorporate Wet and dried filters and Protein skimmers. Protein skimmers usually are units that will remove organic chemical substances just before his or her degradation, and therefore are additionally pretty handy in marine aquariums. Protein skimming is definitely also included in the widely accepted Berlin method that relies on live rock, as well as regular just a few water variations that will degrade along with remove waste products. The Berlin technique contains significant amounts involving are living rock and roll becoming within the aquarium. The rule can be 1/2 - 1 lb. per 1 US gallon (0.2 - 0.4 kg per four liters).



Some marine aquariums as well include a refugium and/or a sump. Refugiums are small containers or aquariums which can be hidden driving or maybe beneath the key tank as well as linked with them via a waters pump. Refugiums have not too long ago grow to be quite loved by reef aquarists all around health work extremely well that will function a few functions for instance adding water quantity or supplying a fish-free web page intended for neurological filtration in stay steel and/or the sandbed. Fish-free refugiums are coordinator in order to populations involving copepods, amphipods, isopods along with zooplankton. The sump may possibly include a number involving compartments, every using its personal purification material. Often, heaters, thermostats, in addition to protein skimmers are generally placed in your sump.



Lighting



A DIY shiny halide pendant lamp



Regular cyclical lighting is required around aquariums to replicate day and night. This is helpful with regard to bass as well as invertebrates given it establishes a routine, enables these individuals to rest, plus helps make these people feel much more secure. The lights made use of may differ dependant upon this people with the aquarium. Typically, the kind of lights pertaining to aquariums along with perch only is certainly unimportant. In aquariums that contain invertebrates, however, where by algal expansion (of both equally free-living and symbiotic algae) can be desired, additional intense lighting effects is usually required. There are numerous styles associated with lights available: many typical sorts incorporate fluorescent, VHO fluorescent (Very High Output), sleek and stylish fluorescent, LED in addition to material halide. Actinic lighting build a deeply azure selection meant to replicate this prominent wavelength regarding mild a couple of metres down below yo ur ocean's surface.



Many distinct methods help to make various states about what type of illumination system is this best. In reality, each and every know-how and also variance offers unique advantages and disadvantages. The many primitive lighting form is herbal sunlight. This is only effective inside areas nearby the equator because the intensity of sunlight is actually biggest there. Efficiently utilizing pure the sun's rays requires sophisticated setting up and, seeing that such, this system will be put on only the most important deep sea systems.



The future boost around technology is actually incandescent lamps. These have grown wasteful regarding energy, producing in between 15 and also 30 lumens every watt regarding electrical power (Out of your probable 683 lumens each watt for the most appropriate gentle source). Standard fluorescent lights provide a good improvement around incandescents. There are usually superior coloring heat included in fluorescent tubes which are a lot more appropriate for you to aquariums as compared with those associated with frequent light source bulb. They usually are also a lot more efficient, averaging between ninety along with ninety five lumens per watt. The drawback to be able to typical fluorescent lamps is that they just don't have depth that will enter directly into deeper aquariums.



There can be a availablility of enhanced versions of fluorescent technology. The principal versions are very high end result (VHO), electrical power small fluorescent (PC), plus T-5 large expenditure (HO). VHO table lamps usually are fluorescent lighting unit run at bigger strength levels, ordinarily three times typical wattage for the offered light bulb length. They have the selling point of high mild output, nevertheless the more substantial diameter bulbs limit the actual efficiency of reflectors. PC lights is likewise high-power fluorescent lighting, even so the lights are folded to be able to put a lot more tubes inside a assigned space. The end product involving PC lamps are reduced simply by dysfunctional reflector designs.



VHO as well as PC lights are generally as well quite expensive in order to replace. T-5 HO lights would be the latest alternative on fluorescent lights. They will be operate from a little higher electric power levels than standard fluorescent lamps, but will be created significantly thinner. This permits more economical reflector styles that will obtain more lighting on the aquarium. Because of this, quality T-5 systems usually match or even exceed your end product of same in principle tight fluorescent as well as VHO illumination fixtures. All kinds of fluorescent lighting style give similar efficacy inside lumens for every watt; it is the design on the light plus reflectors that will makes his or her total results different.



Metal halide lamps tend to be the following level up from fluorescent technology. Metal halides manufacture about 90-100 lumens per watt involving power. This can be around like fluorescent. The growth with metal halides is always that they emphasis this light end result directly into quite a tiny space, whereas fluorescent lamps equally illuminate your entire aquarium. This is sometimes referred to as position supply lighting, and it is just what brings about the particular rippling image effect upon several innovative aquarium setups. This concentration associated with easy expenditure improves the intensity, allowing for sheet metal halide lighting unit to getting a lot of light source to perhaps the particular very underside quantities of most aquariums. Metal halides can be purchased inside many color temperatures , through 6500 K in place that will 20,000 K, although light sources while excessive seeing that 50,000 K usually are often found. The downsides regarding metal halide lights is the charge and the heat produced.



Most material halide lighting fixtures tend to be more than 2 bottle the price of an equivalent wattage fluorescent system, however price ranges include started to help shift around recent years. Halide lighting unit completely focus high temperature along with light source output. The surface of the operating lamp becomes sizzling enough to bring about second as well as third diploma can burn instantly, so this particular lighting style technological know-how need to be in combination with caution. The heat produced might additionally warm the aquarium tank that will unsatisfactory levels, often necessitating the employment of your chiller. The most the latest inclusion for the list of aquarium tank lighting technology is LED lighting. These possess the possible to get a lot more ef fective when compared with virtually any other technology, however never have nonetheless develop into therefore as a consequence of issues of heat dissipation. LED's develop the a look at stage supply lighting, but may also be fully dimmable at any kind of power level. This allows for tough one light schedules, even that simulation associated with impair cover. So far, LED's find employ for the most part as lunar lighting.



When considering lighting regarding a strong aquarium, there usually are two factors to be able to consider: wattage as well as shade temperature. Depending on the kind of light (i.e. fluorescents, metallic halide, etc) that wattage connected with easy imparted can vary greatly considerably, from tens connected with watts to several $ 100 or so watts in the lighting system. Wattage, while not indicative involving color, is usually corresponding to power and basically can determine the way brightly your lighting will shine. Due towards the scattering regarding light inside water, this deeper one's fish tank is, greater successful the lighting required. Color temperature, measured inside kelvins (albeit slightly unrepresentively) looks at home furniture regarding gentle staying emitted with the lamp and it is based on the idea involving blackbody radiation. Light in the sunlight has a color heat with roughly 5900 K plus lighting systems having color temperatures >5000 K usually are finest intended for rising plants both in the marine and also freshwater setting. 10,000 K light appears bluish-white plus makes important coloration throughout within a and corals. Higher in place with the actual range presently there usually are 14,000 K in addition to 20,000 K lamps of which produce a strong blue tint which in turn mimic your lighting ailments underseas, producing an optimal atmosphere regarding invertebrates and also livestock present.



Heating



Most marine fish tank people usually are endemic that will warm reefs and oceans around Africa, Southeast Asia, plus the Red Sea. Marine aquarium temperatures should imitate the particular natural environment with the population and they are usually maintained at 23 for you to 28 degrees Celsius (73-82 F). In zones the place that the ambient temp is usually not as much as the specified heat range of the aquarium this kind of normally requires the use of a great aquarium heater. In quite a few areas background heat is actually above the desired temperature plus refrigeration devices, often known as "chillers", are widely-used to neat the aquarium water.



Water testing



Marine aquarists normally examination water inside aquarium intended for a variety of chemical signals connected with water quality. These include:



Specific gravity, a comparable measure of water density, is normally taken care of among 1.020 and 1.024 within aquariums with fish only, and also 1.023 and 1.026 regarding aquariums containing invertebrates. Salinity will need to consequently always be concerning twenty-eight and 35 PPT, using the greater beliefs currently being advantageous throughout superior offshore systems. Because salinity is actually by classification straight related to distinct gravity, each can be tested by using a good low-cost hydrometer or maybe refractometer.



pH must be taken care of somewhere between 8.1 as well as 8.3. This is often raised having a vendor offered buffering broker or by means of calcium-rich substrata. Carbonate solidity (KH) need to end up being somewhere between 8 in addition to twelve month period degrees of carbonate hardness. A calibrated calcium reactor might help inside retaining the two pH plus carbonate hardness. Using pure water from a reverse osmosis/deionization (RO/DI) model can avert KH in addition to pH fluctuation.



The nitrogen period refers to that the conversion process of deadly ammonia in order to nitrite and lastly nitrate. While bass waste products (urine and also feces) and rotting make a difference release ammonia, many ammonia unveiled (approximately 60%) throughout the two marine in addition to fresh water aquariums is definitely excreted directly to the water on the fishes' gills. Biological (bacterial) nitrification converts the actual ammonia into nitrite ions, NO2-, after which to nitrate ions, NO3-. Nitrate is actually commonly absorbed and assimilated by means of algae along with hermatypic corals. Some nitrate can be transformed via an anaerobic bacterial process for you to zero cost nitrogen, however repayment is incredibly difficult to be able to maintain. In this recent past, a lot of nitrate, which is definitely fewer noxious in order to fishes along with nearly all invertebrates compared to nitrites, accrued inside drinking water right until it had been pieces of p aper eliminated by the mineral water change. However, numerous marine aquarists usually are these days putting to use the application of a special part belonging to the reservoir or even individual aquarium altogether, known as a "refugium." A refugium is, while it has the identify suggests, some sort of sheltered region in which explains to you water having that primary, or even display, tank. Refugiums commonly contain a new deeply sand truck bed to permit anoxic zones that will develop within these individuals where anaerobic germs can turn nitrate straight into nitrogen gas, a valuable method of nitrate removal. Various types of macroalgae is often grown up and harvested from the refugium as another method of nitrate export. As refugiums grow to be far more typical in marine aquaria, nitrate levels are usually without difficulty probable regarding even that novice hobbyist. Ammonia and nitrite should be tried regularly; almost any detectable levels (i.e., through 0 ppm) could be indicative connected with a problem. Nitrates must not meet or exceed only two ppm throughout offshore tanks, or even 20 ppm inside fish-only tanks. It is sometimes suitable to possess some sort of little bit of nitrate buildup, as several livestock, in particular fish, are pretty tolerant regarding nitrate. Most corals, even though able to assimilate nitrate, can not be expected to survive, a lesser amount of thrive, having large nitrate concentrations.



Other proposed exams include all those with regard to calcium, carbonate alkalinity, magnesium, and other trace elements. It is usually effective (and necessary) to the aquarist to be able to study the lake chemistry parameters with the unique organism that's desired.



Acclimation



Acclimation is a progression that is completed as soon as adding brand-new marine your life to be able to a good aquarium, particularly pertaining to invertebrates, who seem to deficiency osmoregulation. This procedure gradually introduces that organisms on the mineral water makeup from the innovative environment, protecting against distress ending out of quick modifications in water chemistry. There tend to be various different types of executing this, such as the us going for a drip line, or even of your measuring cup or some other unit in order to slowly combine water coming from the aquarium aquarium into a bottle when using the fresh animal.



Water changes



Water improvements undoubtedly are a staple with good ocean maintenance. Larger (approximately 200 gallon) aquariums are considerably additional firm in addition to mineral water variations may certainly not have to have to look at location in the event the nitrogen routine offers completely proven per se inside this tank, although this is the dubious declaration amongst aquarists. Water modifications widely-used to keep up steadiness with calcium, carbonate alkalinity, plus magnesium that happen to be swiftly depleted in a very deep sea aquarium, when likewise maintaining quantities of other know components in addition to removing deadly solutes which may pile up from a number of sources and so are powerless to get removed by simply perhaps advanced filtration methods. Supplements are generally necessary (such while calcium) while regular water variations only will not be capable of sustain good levels, specially all those associated with calcium, carbonate, plus magnesium. Water changes contain eliminating your fraction with the overall volume of the aquarium, replacing in which mineral water by using new pre-mixed saltwater. Pre-mixed saltwater possesses been dechlorinated and/or dechloraminatedypically together with an chemical such seeing that bisulfite or perhaps by way of filtering. Water really should be exposed to exactly the same temp in the event in excess of a 5% adjust is usually occurring. Salinity will need to complement this in the aquarium, or often be dosed very slowly and gradually if altering the salinity. Aging plus aerating offshore (such as from a bucket which has a powerhead or even airstone) is definitely proposed because excellent perform to permit the pH that will stabilize.



Replacement water should often be belonging to the same reference as the aquarium, whether it often be opposite osmosis (RO), de-ionized (DI), distilled and also originating from a municipal supply, to be able to prevent drastic adjustments within water chemistry. In instances where the first is upgrading a engage water-based salt mix having a invert osmosis-based salt mix, the particular alternative drinking water needs to be extra slowly in the course with for several hours to stop mailing your aquarium people straight into osmotic shock. However, significant waters alterations may not be cautioned less than routine circumstances anyways, therefore this is certainly seriously irrelevant. Municipal, or tap water, isn't suggested for just a marine aquarium as it usually consists of substantial degrees associated with nitrates, phosphates, and also silicates as well as other dissolved solids which in turn energy that progress associated with nuisance algaes, specifically diato ms, which often looks as being a rust dyed powdery algae plus develops in the overabundance of silicates found to all touch water. Water filtered by way of a four step method like mechanical, carbon, reverse-osmosis, plus de-ionizing components is suggested seeing that this provide easy and simple method to completely genuine water. Four plus Five cycle RO/DI purification models is often obtained for as small as $100 and are also a price efficient methods of transforming tap drinking water into waters practical in the marine aquarium.



Conservation



Almost most types kept around marine aquaria currently are usually caught within the wild, however tank-raised individuals have grown to be progressively frequent while a workable alternative. Only a number of race just like clownfish will be captive-bred on the industrial scale. Much accumulating is completed around Indonesia and the Philippines, exactly where by using cyanide and also other dangerous collection methods, while discouraged, will be however common. The majority of live steel can also be prepared in the wild, as well as recently available rules on this subject harvest inside Florida have caused a be tossed about for you to Fijian and aquacultured rock. Natural rock, given it is actually designed through coral polyps, will take several years in any other case centuries to form, and is particularly a critical home to get many marine species; thus, commercial-scale farming of naturally-occurring reside steel has become criticized by means of conservationists. Addi tionally, many animal varieties offered in order to hobbyists have incredibly certain nutritional plus home demands in which can't be fulfilled by hobbyists (e.g. Labroides genus wrasses, the particular moorish idol); these kinds of pets practically certainly die immediately and possess markedly lowered lifespans compared to outrageous specimens. Often these types of particular environmental requirements induce improperly housed lifestock's coloring and also physical appearance for being poor. These issues are generally frequently downplayed simply by people plus agencies using a economical desire for the trade. Hobbyists whom assist conservation need to purchase only accredited net-caught fish (although ensuring the actual legitimacy of these states is usually difficult) as well as captive-raised fish, in addition because farmed corals in addition to to support reputable ocean preservation efforts. The most of corals can be "fragged", where a portion involving a new much la rger captive coral is definitely divided that will eventually always be lifted into a student specimen, considering barrier propagation while in the home aquarium; the particular buy and sell in frags (i.e. fragments) delivers an incredible chance for marine aquarists to have innovative plus one of a kind corals even though limiting this consequence to the pure environment. Rare types along with these with not a track record connected with appearing efficiently saved in captivity must become avoided.



Commercial front



Various businesses have added a financial front to fishkeeping, probably the premier becoming Marineland, Inc. With the actual development connected with huge range enterprise surgical procedures working on breeding considerable levels connected with specimens, marine fishkeeping has grown much more frequent as compared with ever before before. Perhaps the largest turndown within marine fishkeeping is actually that preliminary setup cost. A 100 US gallon (400 L) offshore gas tank 100 % of coral as well as apparatus can certainly cost well over $2,500 US. Aside with the difficulty, this can be a significant component as to why freshwater fishkeeping can be nonetheless hence wide-spread in comparison with their marine counterpart.



References along with additionally reading



Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques, by means of Jay Hemdal



The Conscientious Marine Aquarist, by way of Robert Fenner



Invertebrates: A Quick Reference Guide, by Julian Sprung



Corals: A Quick Reference Guide, by Julian Sprung



Reef Invertebrates: An Essential Guide that will Selection, Care and Compatibility, by way of Anthony Calfo along with Robert Fenner



Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, as well as Natural History, through Eric H. Borneman.



Natural Reef Aquariums: Simplified Approaches to be able to Creating Living Saltwater Microcosms, through John H. Tullock



External links



Pets: Fish and Aquaria: Marine on the Open Directory Project



RTAW Reefpedia, a Reef Keeping wiki preserved with the Marine Aquarium Societies with Australia



Protein Skimmer Info, a site providing information, specifications, evaluations along with DIY Plans regarding Protein Skimmers



Temperate Marine Info, a niche site allowing information and offering means to get that coldwater marine aquarium hobbyist



v d e



Aquarium in addition to fishkeeping hobby



Types



Freshwater aquarium tank Marine aquarium Brackish waters fish tank Community tank Biotope Reef aquarium



Aquarium equipment and also furniture



Filter Berlin Method Protein skimmer Deep crushed stone pickup bed Heater Refugium Calcium reactor Bog-wood and also Driftwood Airstone Live rock and roll Substrate Fishcam Aquarium fish feeder Aquarium lighting



Fish terms



Hardy perch Dither sea food Algae eater Bottom feeder Tropical fish Coldwater seafood Painted fish



Fish food



Flake nutrition Feeder perch Bloodworms Brine shrimp Tubifex tubifex Daphnia Infusoria



Lists



List with freshwater tank bass race List with freshwater aquarium tank seed varieties List of freshwater aquarium tank invertebrate kinds List regarding marine tank seafood race List connected with brackish aquarium bass race List of tank diseases



Other terms



Aquascaping Spawning triggers Reef harmless MacQuarium Bath treatment



Aquarium magazines



Practical Fishkeeping Tropical Fish Hobbyist Koi Aquarium Fish International



People



Takashi Amano Herbert R. Axelrod Julian Sprung



Aquarium associated companies



Tetra Sera Eheim Hagen



Categories: FishkeepingHidden categories: Articles having extra recommendations coming from July 2007 | All posts having extra suggestions | All posts having unsourced statements | Articles by using unsourced phrases through December 2008 | Articles that contains video tutorial clips


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