Marine Aquarium

Marine fishkeeping history

The primary deep sea tanks were Venetian goblet jars the place that the Romans saved anemones outdoors, but these kind of models have been really quick lived. The earliest individual saltwater fishkeeping commenced over a broader scale in that 1950s, starting off using the basic rectangular goblet aquariums (usually 20 gallon), even now well-liked today. Bleached barrier together with a substrate connected with coarse crushed coral have been that norm. Algae, such as useful kinds for example coralline algae, ended up thought of negatively and were in general removed. The clean, sterile gas tank was thought of as the healthiest.

During the early nights associated with marine aquaria, saltwater has been compiled from local beaches. Natural deep sea contains numerous excess organisms and pollutants. Aquarium literature of the time advises that the normally stored marine species of fish were the actual percula clownfish, sergeant major damselfish, small, brackish-water pufferfish and scats, jeweled blennies, plus blue damsels. Aquariums were designed with large air compressors, along with were being heavily aerated and filtered (primarily together with undergravel filters, some sort of convention for a few time).

An ever-growing number of hobbyists having your difficulty of collecting healthy sea waters as well as the concurrent development involving analytical hormones methods concluded in homework on the compound formula regarding seaside water. Synthetic salt combinations were developed for you to reproduce the element atmosphere from the exotic ocean, which include trace factors as well as salts. This advance manufactured marine fishkeeping favorite within regions not having entry to fresh sea water.

Air driven, counter-current protein skimmers and reliable submersible utility heaters have been invented in Germany. Various breakthroughs in filtration included trickle plus hang-on filters, equally allowing a a lot more healthy equilibrium while in the aquarium environment. The progression of fluorescent illumination technologies to produce bigger output, as well as material halide lighting, made possible the best saltwater tanks, so that it is possible to maintain corals and other invertebrates devoid of healthy sunlight.

More efficient chemical assessment made possible aquarists to comprehend the actual chemical components connected with aquariums. By the 1980s, a biologically-based perception of easy methods to retain a great man made underwater natural environment added extra successful and also prevalent marine fishkeeping.

Modern fishkeeping

Marine tank components

The major features will be a great aquarium, commonly made from tumbler as well as acrylic, filtration equipment, lighting, and also a good aquarium heater. Marine aquariums might range with volume out of a lot less than 80 liters, (< twenty US gal) to over 1,200 litres (300 US gal). Small quantities will be more difficult to maintain with the speedier changes in waters chemistry. The most of offshore aquariums will be somewhere between 160 and four hundred liters (40 and also 100 US gal).

Nano saltwater aquarium maintained with home

Types with marine aquariums

Marine aquarists normally partition ocean aquariums directly into all those homes seafood only, these housing species of fish having reside rock, as well as those primarily made in order to house hold corals as well as other invertebrates (also often known as reef aquariums). Many species of fish hobbyists furthermore divide that forms of offshore tanks based on this drinking water temperatures what place these are kept.

Tropical marine

The most popular kind of ocean fish tank, the particular tropical marine tank, houses marine animals from tropical climates. Usually kept involving 24 in order to twenty-eight amounts Celsius (76-82 F), these tanks include tropical reef tanks, and also fish-only tanks. These tanks have a tendency to have got a very low concentrations of microscopic plankton along with meals eaten by means of sieve feeders. Most livestock to get these aquariums will be acquired through professional means.

Temperate marine (coldwater marine)

A temperate marine aquarium

One of the extra obscure different types of bass tanks, the coldwater marine tank, retains species of fish with temperate climates, using temp which range all over 10 to 24 amounts Celsius (5075F). While such tanks are not because beautifully agreeable as their particular tropical counterparts, colourful kinds these since dahlia anemones and the lavish cowfish can be found. However the majority of coldwater sea food are overcast and also dull around color. Most vibrant race are merely inside your developed pacific. These tanks furthermore tend to help necessitate excess talent to be able to maintain.

Since coldwater cnidaria are generally hard to find plus coldwater corals merely appear from great depths, hobbyists will be mainly limited to be able to fish, crustaceans plus mollusks. Since there are actually hardly any commercially accessible coldwater fish, hobbyists usually have in order to physically purchase specimens. The most usual method of accomplishing this can be by trolling or perhaps seining. Unlike retail out there tropical fish, in whose habits styles along with tank compatibilities are well documented, coldwater bass involve much local ichthyology understanding so as to keep them.

Many temperate sea food have particular area diet plan requirements, while others, like tautog (blackfish), will probably eat practically any kind of crustacean or perhaps frozen foods. The blackfish must not be retained using crabs and mollusks, whilst additional fish, including the oyster cracker toadfish, could carry out excellent with any sea food that's definitely not small adequate to suit into its mouth. Due for you to this currently being a great localised hobby, owing to our people today proceed that road connected with neighborhood tanks. However, they're additional cost-effective in comparison with ocean tanks, less expensive along with easier to be able to maintain, and also the sea food hardier. Most coldwater hobbyists start for a young age, and it also calls for encounter previous to one can with success gauge the particular baby stroller of the species of fish as part of your area.[citation needed]

Live rock

Main article: Live rock

Live rock is are a blast that have been within the ocean, consists of limestone and decomposing coral skeleton, normally around a coral deep sea such as those people about Fiji, and is particularly usually protected having effective algae, coralline as well as tiny invertebrates plus bacteria which have been desired while in the aquarium. Some examples connected with this microfauna commonly identified upon live rock are generally crabs, snails, feather dusters, brittle stars, starfish, limpets, abalones, and an intermittent marine urchin, ocean anemone, coral, plus beach sponge. Also, in the event the aquarist can be unlucky, a mantis shrimp. Bristleworms will also be common, almost all with which, while unattractive, are generally not harmful and are also useful scavengers; some kinds might be pests, however. The inclusion regarding are living rock will be one of several greatest ways to be sure your desired aquarium, as being the rock provides a stream to keep up substanti al pH (8.0-8.3), alkalinity, along with acid-neutralizing capacity. Alkalinity can often be regarded by way of somewhat baffling term, "carbonate hardness", or maybe KH. This is frequently calculated throughout "degrees" (dKH) or meq/L.

The microfauna located about stay rock and roll tend to be detrivores along with herbivores (as they take in algae and seafood waste), and provide sea food using a natural, interesting shelter. Live rock normally arrives out of internet dealers when "uncured", as well as has to be quarantined from a separate reservoir while considering the recovering process, that involves the certain die-off of some of the rock's population as well as following generation regarding undesirable ammonia and nitrite. Live rock and roll this is already healed is actually obtainable essentially family dog shops that will help saltwater. Live sand is just like dwell are insane and is each desirable.

Filtration

A fresh sump along with about three pockets as well as a protein skimmer

Main article: Filter (aquarium)

In general, marine aquariums include more complex filtration requirements when compared with almost all freshwater aquariums. The numerous elements frequently consist of Wet and dry out filters as well as Protein skimmers. Protein skimmers usually are units that take away organic and natural molecules previous to their own degradation, and therefore are also handy in marine aquariums. Protein skimming is also employed in the well-liked Berlin system that relies on survive rock, along with routine part water variations in order to lower along with take away waste products products. The Berlin method contains copious amounts involving are living rock appearing included in the aquarium. The rationale is usually 1/2 - one particular lb. per 1 US gallon (0.2 - 0.4 kg for every 4 liters).

Some marine aquariums additionally include a refugium and/or a sump. Refugiums will be compact containers or aquariums in which will be hidden guiding or perhaps beneath your principal aquarium tank along with powering them by means of your mineral water pump. Refugiums have not long ago turn out to be quite popular amid reef aquarists general health are available that will function a few requirements including incorporating water quantity as well as providing a fish-free site intended for neurological purification throughout reside are insane and/or your sandbed. Fish-free refugiums will be host to populations regarding copepods, amphipods, isopods and various zooplankton. The sump may include a quantity of compartments, each which consists of very own filtration material. Often, heaters, thermostats, plus protein skimmers tend to be put in the sump.

Lighting

A DIY metal halide pendant lamp

Regular cyclical lighting effects is required throughout aquariums to be able to simulate day along with night. This is valuable pertaining to fish as well as invertebrates the way it establishes some sort of routine, facilitates these people that will rest, and also makes these people feel additional secure. The lighting style used deviates subject to the inhabitants with the aquarium. Typically, your type of light for aquariums with fish just is certainly unimportant. In aquariums that contain invertebrates, however, where algal increase (of both equally free-living as well as symbiotic algae) is actually desired, a lot more intense lighting is actually required. There are many styles connected with lamps available: some frequent types incorporate fluorescent, VHO fluorescent (Very High Output), stream-lined fluorescent, LED in addition to shiny halide. Actinic lamps make a full orange array which is designed to simulate the prominent wavelength associated with easy several metres below that ocean's surface.

Many various resources generate various cases related to what type of lights product is your best. In reality, every single technologies or even variance offers some positive aspects and disadvantages. The many simple lighting style supply is natural sunlight. This is just useful in regions on the equator as the power involving sunlight is best there. Efficiently employing pure sun energy necessitates sophisticated planning and, since such, using these services will be utilized with only number one reef systems.

The subsequent big step around technologies can be incandescent lamps. These have become wasteful involving energy, producing involving 12-15 and 30 lumens each watt with electrical power (Out of your feasible 683 lumens per watt with regard to the most appropriate light source). Standard fluorescent lamps offer you an awesome improvement about incandescents. There usually are better colour temp easily obtainable in fluorescent tubes which tend to be more suited to be able to aquariums than those with regular easy bulb. They can be much more efficient, averaging in between ninety plus ninety five lumens per watt. The downside to frequent fluorescent signals is that they just do not have the intensity to penetrate towards lower aquariums.

There can be a lots of improved variations connected with fluorescent technology. The main types will be really higher output (VHO), electricity stream-lined fluorescent (PC), in addition to T-5 substantial output (HO). VHO lamps usually are fluorescent lamps run at larger energy levels, commonly with regards to 3 times the common wattage for a granted bulb length. They have that benefit of substantial light output, nevertheless the more substantial diameter light sources restriction the efficiency of reflectors. PC lights is also high-power fluorescent lighting, but the bulbs are usually folded to put much more tubes in the presented space. The output associated with PC lamps will be lowered by way of inefficient reflector designs.

VHO and also PC light bulbs usually are also pretty expensive in order to replace. T-5 HO lights include the newest edition on fluorescent lights. They are generally work at a bit increased power quantities when compared with normal fluorescent lamps, although are manufactured drastically thinner. This enables for further efficient reflector designs that will have additional lighting to the aquarium. Because associated with this, high quality T-5 models often complement and also exceed the particular output regarding the same stream-lined fluorescent or maybe VHO lighting fixtures. All forms of fluorescent light offer you identical efficacy in lumens every watt; it truly is that form of the light bulb plus reflectors in which creates their entire outputs different.

Metal halide lighting are another amount upward coming from fluorescent technology. Metal halides develop regarding 90-100 lumens for each watt associated with power. This is approximately exactly like fluorescent. The improvement having metal halides can be that many people focus this easy result right tiny space, unlike fluorescent equipment and lighting equally illuminate the actual complete aquarium. This can often be referred to as point source lighting, as well as being precisely what creates the particular rippling vision effect on quite a few state-of-the-art aquarium setups. This attention of mild end result enhances the intensity, making it possible for steel halide lighting unit to obtain a wide range of light in order to even the very underside levels of most aquariums. Metal halides presented in numerous coloration temperatures , from 6500 K as much as 20,000 K, alth ough light bulbs because high since 50,000 K are usually occasionally found. The downsides with material halide lighting style include the charge along with the actual heat produced.

Most shiny halide fixtures become more than two times the price of an same in principle wattage fluorescent system, even though costs possess begun that will drop inside current years. Halide bulbs concentrate heating as well as light source output. The exterior of your operating lamp gets to be warm ample to be able to bring about second or maybe third degree uses up instantly, therefore that lights technological know-how have to end up being in combination with caution. The warm produced also can comfy the aquarium tank to be able to unwanted levels, often necessitating the employment of a new chiller. The most recent addition on the directory tank lighting effects technology is definitely LED lighting. These have the possible being significantly more economical as compared with some other technology, however never have still come to be so because of issues involving temperatur e dissipation. LED's hold the benefit of point source lighting, but will be furthermore entirely dimmable at almost any electrical power level. This contains more advanced illumination schedules, perhaps the simulation of impair cover. So far, LED's have found make use of mostly as lunar lighting.

When thinking about lighting style regarding an aquarium, there are generally a couple factors to help consider: wattage and also shade temperature. Depending to the style of lighting (i.e. fluorescents, metal halide, etc) the wattage with easy emitted are vastly different considerably, out of tens associated with watts to be able to a number of one hundred dollars watts in the lights system. Wattage, while not indicative of color, is corresponding to strength and basically determines exactly how brightly this light will probably shine. Due to this dispersing of light source throughout water, your more deeply your gas tank is, this bigger the lighting style required. Color temperature, measured in kelvins (albeit slightly unrepresentively) describes made from associated with light source appearing provided through the lamp and is based on the idea of blackbody radiation. Light with the sunlight carries a coloration heat connected with around 5900 K in addition to light progra ms with coloring temperatures >5000 K are typically finest for increasing crops throughout both the actual marine and also freshwater setting. 10,000 K easy looks bluish-white along with emphasizes coloration around within a and also corals. Higher through to the actual spectrum you will find 14,000 K plus 20,000 K light bulbs in which produce a deeply orange tint which in turn mirror the actual lighting style conditions underseas, creating an maximum atmosphere regarding invertebrates and animals present.

Heating

Most marine tank residents tend to be endemic to tropical reefs and also ocean throughout Africa, Southeast Asia, plus this Red Sea. Marine fish tank heat need to mimic the natural environment from the residents and therefore are normally managed at 23 to help twenty eight degrees Celsius (73-82 F). In parts where by this ambient heat is actually under the required temperature from the aquarium the following usually necessitates the employment of an tank heater. In a few spots ambient temperature is definitely higher than the desired temperature and refrigeration devices, known seeing that "chillers", are utilized to help awesome the actual aquarium water.

Water testing

Marine aquarists normally test out the water throughout the aquarium tank for just a a number of compound indicators associated with water quality. These include:

Specific gravity, your relative calculate of drinking water density, is actually normally serviced between 1.020 and also 1.024 around aquariums along with bass only, and 1.023 in addition to 1.026 regarding aquariums containing invertebrates. Salinity have to as a result often be between twenty-eight and 35 PPT, with all the bigger values currently being beneficial in advanced ocean systems. Because salinity will be by means of definition immediately based on specific gravity, equally could be tried having a relatively inexpensive hydrometer and also refractometer.

pH needs to be serviced somewhere between 8.1 plus 8.3. This might be lifted using a in a commercial sense obtainable buffering factor or maybe by way of calcium-rich substrata. Carbonate solidity (KH) should be between eight and 12 levels involving carbonate hardness. A calibrated calcium reactor may help inside having each pH as well as carbonate hardness. Using purified water coming from a invert osmosis/deionization (RO/DI) system can easily avert KH in addition to pH fluctuation.

The nitrogen circuit describes your transformation with deadly ammonia in order to nitrite and lastly nitrate. While fish waste (urine and feces) plus decaying issue let go ammonia, nearly all ammonia released (approximately 60%) both in marine as well as freshwater aquariums is excreted straight to the drinking water with the fishes' gills. Biological (bacterial) nitrification turns the ammonia in to nitrite ions, NO2-, then to nitrate ions, NO3-. Nitrate is definitely readily used up and also merged through algae and also hermatypic corals. Some nitrate is usually modified through an anaerobic bacterial practice to no cost nitrogen, although using this method can be quite tough to help maintain. In the particular current past, a lot of nitrate, that's much less harmful to these people own in and a lot invertebrates as compared with nitrites, acquired throughout water until it turned out physically removed by some sort of waters change. However, many marine aquarists can be employing the application of a unique section of the fish tank or independent tank altogether, referred to as a "refugium." A refugium is, as it has the identify suggests, a sheltered area in which shares normal water having that primary, as well as display, tank. Refugiums typically contain a serious crushed lime stone cargo area that will make it possible for anoxic zones in order to create in just them when anaerobic bacterias can certainly turn nitrate into nitrogen gas, a good method of nitrate removal. Various types of macroalgae could be grown in addition to farmed from the refugium because another way of nitrate export. As refugiums grow to be more established throughout marine aquaria, nitrate degrees usually are easily manageable intended for even this novice hobbyist. Ammonia as well as nitrite need to be examined regularly; any detectable degrees (i.e., above 0 ppm) can possibly be indicative of your problem. Nitrates ought not discuss 2 ppm within reef tanks, or perhaps something like 20 ppm in fish-only tanks. It is usually ideal to get a smallish total involving nitrate buildup, because a number of livestock, in particular fish, are usually quite tolerant involving nitrate. Most corals, though qualified to assimilate nitrate, can't be expected to survive, a reduced amount of thrive, along with higher nitrate concentrations.

Other advised lab tests comprise those to get calcium, carbonate alkalinity, magnesium, and other trace elements. It is typically helpful (and necessary) to the aquarist to exploration the water chemistry ranges intended for the precise affected individual that is certainly desired.

Acclimation

Acclimation is definitely a procedure this can be performed whenever introducing new marine life to a strong aquarium, specially for invertebrates, who seem to don't have any osmoregulation. This process bit by bit features this organisms for the waters composition regarding that innovative environment, avoiding shock producing from sudden modifications in normal water chemistry. There are a number of different strategies to undertaking this, such as the us going for a drip line, or maybe of an testing goblet or some other device in order to little by little combination water from the fish tank fish tank into a bottle together with the brand new animal.

Water changes

Water improvements undoubtedly are a staple with excellent ocean maintenance. Larger (approximately 200 gallon) aquariums are considerably more steady as well as water changes might not really need to have place should the nitrogen cycle has absolutely organized itself around the tank, even though this can be a questionable assertion between aquarists. Water modifications widely-used to take care of equilibrium connected with calcium, carbonate alkalinity, along with magnesium which will be speedily used up throughout some sort of deep sea aquarium, when furthermore retaining concentrations of other trace aspects and also extracting toxic solutes that might collect from several diverse resources and are can not possibly be eradicated by simply even state-of-the-art purification methods. Supplements are generally needed (such seeing that calcium) whenever standard drinking water changes alone cannot to maintain satisfactory levels, specially the ones from calcium, carbonate, a nd also magnesium. Water changes involve getting rid of a small fraction on the total volume from the aquarium, swapping that normal water having new pre-mixed saltwater. Pre-mixed deep sea has been dechlorinated and/or dechloraminatedypically by using an additive just like bisulfite or even as a result of filtering. Water ought to be added for the same temperature in the event more than a 5% change is usually occurring. Salinity must match in which on the aquarium, as well as always be dosed quite slowly but surely when shifting this salinity. Aging in addition to aerating ocean (such such as some sort of bucket which has a powerhead or even airstone) is actually proposed while very good practice to permit the particular pH to help stabilize.

Replacement water need to be with the same origin because the aquarium, whether the item be opposite osmosis (RO), de-ionized (DI), distilled or even from a municipal supply, so that they can avoid extreme improvements throughout drinking water chemistry. In conditions when some may be updating a engage water-based salt mix using a reverse osmosis-based sodium mix, the actual replacement water ought to be put in slowly but surely within the study course regarding numerous several hours for you to stay away from submitting the tank inhabitants into osmotic shock. However, large normal water improvements will not be advised beneath routine circumstances anyways, thus this can be really irrelevant. Municipal, and also tap water, is not really encouraged to get a marine tank as it frequently is made up of excessive amounts connected with nitrates, phosphates, and silicates and also other dissolved solids which supply the expansion involving annoyance algaes, particularly diatoms, which in turn looks to be a corrosion tinted powdery algae as well as increases from the overabundance of silicates contained in almost all tap water. Water filtered by way of a three stage process including mechanical, carbon, reverse-osmosis, along with de-ionizing features is actually recommended because this could produce favored method to definitely pure water. Four as well as Five stage RO/DI filtration devices could be attained for as low as $100 and they are a price powerful means with converting tap waters into water functional in a marine aquarium.

Conservation

Almost many species placed throughout marine aquaria at these times will be captured inside the wild, although tank-raised specimens are becoming significantly frequent as being a worthwhile alternative. Only some variety for instance clownfish are captive-bred on a commercial scale. Much amassing is complete around Indonesia and also the Philippines, in which utilization of cyanide as well as other destructive variety methods, though discouraged, will be sorry to say common. The bulk associated with dwell rock is usually harvested around the wild, in addition to the latest limits for this pick in Florida have induced some sort of change to be able to Fijian as well as aquacultured rock. Natural rock, because doing so will be made by barrier polyps, takes ages or even hundreds of years for you to form, which is a crucial home pertaining to plenty of marine species; thus, commercial-scale enjoying of naturally-occurring live rock and roll has been belittled through conservatio nists. Additionally, many animal kinds distributed to help hobbyists have got very precise weight loss as well as home prerequisites this can't be attained by simply hobbyists (e.g. Labroides genus wrasses, this moorish idol); these animals virtually surely die quickly in addition to have got markedly minimized lifespans when compared to wild specimens. Often these kinds of unique geographical requirements trigger improperly housed lifestock's coloring and also physical appearance to become poor. These challenges are sometimes downplayed through folks along with corporations with a monetary interest in the trade. Hobbyists exactly who assistance efficiency ought to buy only certified net-caught species of fish (although providing the particular legitimacy regarding these cases might be difficult) or maybe captive-raised fish, together with farmed corals and to guide respectable saltwater efficiency efforts. The majority of corals can end up being "fragged", whereby a part of your bigger captive barrier is separated that will consequently become raised into a student specimen, permitting coral propagation while in the domestic aquarium; the particular buy and sell in frags (i.e. fragments) offers a fantastic opportunity intended for marine aquarists to have brand new along with exclusive corals while limiting the particular effects on the normal environment. Rare species in addition to individuals and not using a history involving becoming effectively placed throughout captivity needs to be avoided.

Commercial front

Various companies have got delivered some sort of professional entrance for you to fishkeeping, probably the biggest getting Marineland, Inc. With the particular introduction associated with large scale business surgical treatments directed at mating substantial sums connected with specimens, marine fishkeeping provides develop into a lot more widespread compared to actually before. Perhaps the most important turndown with marine fishkeeping is definitely your primary launch cost. A 100 US gallon (400 L) ocean gas tank filled with barrier and tools can certainly price well over $2,500 US. Aside on the difficulty, it is a great aspect as to why freshwater fishkeeping holds therefore widespread when compared with its marine counterpart.

References and also further more reading

Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques, through Jay Hemdal

The Conscientious Marine Aquarist, by means of Robert Fenner

Invertebrates: A Quick Reference Guide, by Julian Sprung

Corals: A Quick Reference Guide, simply by Julian Sprung

Reef Invertebrates: An Essential Guide that will Selection, Care as well as Compatibility, by Anthony Calfo and Robert Fenner

Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, and Natural History, simply by Eric H. Borneman.

Natural Reef Aquariums: Simplified Approaches that will Creating Living Saltwater Microcosms, through John H. Tullock

External links

Pets: Fish and Aquaria: Marine during the particular Open Directory Project

RTAW Reefpedia, a Reef Keeping wiki serviced by the Marine Aquarium Societies of Australia

Protein Skimmer Info, an affiliate site supplying information, specifications, testimonials and DIY Plans to get Protein Skimmers

Temperate Marine Info, a site providing details as well as providing resources for any coldwater marine tank hobbyist

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Aquarium in addition to fishkeeping hobby

Types

Freshwater fish tank Marine fish tank Brackish mineral water aquarium Community tank Biotope Reef aquarium

Aquarium equipment plus furniture

Filter Berlin Method Protein skimmer Deep sand truck bed Heater Refugium Calcium reactor Bog-wood along with Driftwood Airstone Live are a blast Substrate Fishcam Aquarium sea food feeder Aquarium lighting

Fish terms

Hardy sea food Dither bass Algae eater Bottom feeder Tropical fish Coldwater species of fish Painted fish

Fish food

Flake meals Feeder seafood Bloodworms Brine shrimp Tubifex tubifex Daphnia Infusoria

Lists

List regarding fresh water tank fish species List of freshwater fish tank plant species List involving fresh water fish tank invertebrate varieties List with marine aquarium sea food varieties List with brackish aquarium sea food species List with fish tank diseases

Other terms

Aquascaping Spawning activates Reef safe MacQuarium Bath treatment

Aquarium magazines

Practical Fishkeeping Tropical Fish Hobbyist Koi Aquarium Fish International

People

Takashi Amano Herbert R. Axelrod Julian Sprung

Aquarium related companies

Tetra Sera Eheim Hagen

Categories: FishkeepingHidden categories: Articles needing additional sources from July 2007 | All articles seeking supplemental suggestions | All articles having unsourced assertions | Articles together with unsourced statements from December 2008 | Articles that contains video clips

Aqueons Aquarium