lundi 26 septembre 2011

Marine Aquarium

Marine fishkeeping history



The earliest saltwater tanks were Venetian magnifying glaas jars exactly where that Romans kept anemones outdoors, but these systems ended up really simple lived. The initial private offshore fishkeeping started over a wider range inside 1950s, starting up while using essential rectangle-shaped a glass aquariums (usually something like 20 gallon), however common today. Bleached coral along with a substrate associated with rough crushed coral have been the norm. Algae, such as useful forms for example coralline algae, were looked at in a negative way along with had been usually removed. The clean, sterile aquarium seemed to be seen as the healthiest.



During the particular early on times of marine aquaria, offshore ended up being collected during local beaches. Natural saltwater contains countless undesired organisms and pollutants. Aquarium literature belonging to the time advises of which essentially the most normally placed marine bass were that percula clownfish, sergeant main damselfish, small, brackish-water pufferfish as well as scats, jeweled blennies, in addition to azure damsels. Aquariums were designed with large air flow compressors, in addition to were heavily aerated as well as filtered (primarily together with undergravel filters, a new convention for some time).



An ever-growing number of hobbyists your bother of gathering pure beach water as well as the concurrent growth of analytical hormone balance procedures resulted in research on the element composition of marine water. Synthetic sodium mixes were developed to repeat the inorganic environment from the exotic ocean, which includes find things and salts. This progress designed marine fishkeeping favorite throughout areas without having access to wash ocean water.



Air driven, counter-current protein skimmers as well as trusted submersible power heating units had been created inside Germany. Various innovations within filtration listed trickle plus hang-on filters, the two enabling a more pure equilibrium in the fish tank environment. The progression regarding fluorescent lighting style systems to produce greater output, in addition to shiny halide lighting, made possible the best ocean tanks, making it possible to stay corals along with other invertebrates without natural sunlight.



More helpful substance tests allowed aquarists to be aware of the inorganic properties connected with aquariums. By the actual 1980s, a biologically-based comprehension of how you can manage a great unnatural underwater environment brought extra effective plus widespread marine fishkeeping.



Modern fishkeeping



Marine aquarium components



The major elements will be a strong aquarium, commonly made out of glass or acrylic, filtration equipment, lighting, and a great fish tank heater. Marine aquariums could selection around fullness coming from not as much as 80 liters, (< 20 US gal) that will more than 1,200 litres (300 US gal). Small volumes are more complicated to help maintain because of the faster improvements throughout mineral water chemistry. The most saltwater aquariums are in between 160 in addition to 400 liters (40 and also a hundred US gal).



Nano reef fish tank preserved at home



Types with marine aquariums



Marine aquarists ordinarily divide ocean aquariums into those real estate fish only, those houses species of fish having live rock, and those primarily which is designed to home corals plus various other invertebrates (also called reef aquariums). Many bass hobbyists in addition part the sorts of offshore tanks determined by water heat at which often they're kept.



Tropical marine



The most typical type of ocean species of fish tank, the exotic marine tank, stores marine family pets coming from exotic climates. Usually kept somewhere between twenty four to twenty eight levels Celsius (76-82 F), all these tanks include tropical ocean tanks, while well because fish-only tanks. These tanks have a tendency to employ a small concentrations regarding tiny plankton and other foods eaten by way of sieve feeders. Most animals pertaining to these kinds of aquariums are usually acquired by means of commercial means.



Temperate marine (coldwater marine)



A temperate marine aquarium



One in the more obscure kinds of fish tanks, the actual coldwater marine tank, supports perch of temperate climates, along with temp ranging all over 10 to 24 college diplomas Celsius (5075F). While these types of tanks aren't as aesthetically desirable as their particular warm counterparts, colorful variety such as dahlia anemones and also the ornate cowfish might be found. However most coldwater seafood are usually overcast or maybe lifeless in color. Most colorful types are simply inside the developed pacific. These tanks as well usually tend to require added skill that will maintain.



Since coldwater cnidaria are unusual plus coldwater corals exclusively arise with great depths, hobbyists are generally basically limited to help fish, crustaceans and mollusks. Since you'll find very few from the commercial perspective out there coldwater fish, hobbyists usually need to bodily acquire specimens. The most common method of doing that can be by means of trolling or perhaps seining. Unlike commercially available tropical fish, whose actions styles and tank compatibilities are well documented, coldwater perch call for much local ichthyology knowledge in order to preserve them.



Many temperate species of fish have got distinct neighborhood diet requirements, though others, such as tautog (blackfish), will have nearly crustacean or frozen foods. The blackfish have to not necessarily be saved by using crabs and mollusks, whilst some other fish, such as the oyster cracker toadfish, will do excellent together with almost any sea food that's certainly not little enough to fit straight into it has the mouth. Due to be able to the item being this kind of some sort of local hobby, very few persons go the course connected with local tanks. However, they are much more cost-effective as compared with saltwater tanks, cheaper and better to maintain, and the particular species of fish hardier. Most coldwater hobbyists start off in a beginning age, and it requires knowledge before you can productively assess the if it is compatible on the fish within your area.[citation needed]



Live rock



Main article: Live rock



Live rock and roll can be are insane that's been around the ocean, characterized by limestone plus decomposing barrier skeleton, normally all-around some sort of coral offshore for example all those all over Fiji, and is particularly usually protected together with helpful algae, coralline and very small invertebrates and microorganisms which might be advisable from the aquarium. Some examples from the microfauna generally found with are living are a blast are crabs, snails, feather dusters, brittle stars, starfish, limpets, abalones, along with an intermittent sea urchin, sea anemone, coral, plus ocean sponge. Also, if the aquarist is usually unlucky, a mantis shrimp. Bristleworms can be common, a lot of which, when unattractive, are certainly not harmful and are also valuable scavengers; a number of variety might be pests, however. The add-on of reside rock and roll is usually one of several ideal tactics to confirm a beautiful aquarium, as being the good ole' gives some so rt of barrier for you to preserve excessive pH (8.0-8.3), alkalinity, and acid-neutralizing capacity. Alkalinity can often be known by the instead puzzling term, "carbonate hardness", or maybe KH. This is definitely generally tested within "degrees" (dKH) or perhaps meq/L.



The microfauna found on dwell rock are usually detrivores along with herbivores (as some people eat algae and fish waste), and supply fish that has a natural, eye-catching shelter. Live good ole' ordinarily occurs from internet marketers while "uncured", plus needs to be quarantined inside a distinguish aquarium while going through the curing process, which usually consists of the actual unavoidable die-off connected with a number of the rock's inhabitants plus the subsequent development involving undesired ammonia in addition to nitrite. Live steel that is certainly witout a doubt curable can be obtained at most family dog suppliers this serve saltwater. Live sand is comparable to dwell are insane as well as being just as desirable.



Filtration



A brand-new sump with three spaces including a new protein skimmer



Main article: Filter (aquarium)



In general, marine aquariums possess extra complex filtration requirements than most fresh water aquariums. The numerous components commonly include Wet plus dried out filters plus Protein skimmers. Protein skimmers are generally devices that eliminate healthy substances ahead of their own degradation, and are furthermore very beneficial in marine aquariums. Protein skimming is usually included in the widely accepted Berlin method this relies on survive rock, and recurrent partial water adjustments in order to break down and remove waste products products. The Berlin method will depend on considerable amounts connected with reside steel appearing contained in the aquarium. The rule of thumb is definitely 1/2 - 1 lb. each a single US gallon (0.2 - 0.4 kg every four liters).



Some marine aquariums furthermore include a refugium and/or a sump. Refugiums will be compact containers or maybe aquariums that will are disguised . driving or perhaps beneath the primary tank as well as connected to this by way of a drinking water pump. Refugiums possess lately grow to be very popular amid reef aquarists general health works extremely well to be able to offer several purposes this sort of as contributing mineral water level and also delivering your fish-free website with regard to natural filtration with live steel and/or the sandbed. Fish-free refugiums will be host to help populations regarding copepods, amphipods, isopods and other zooplankton. The sump may perhaps contain a quantity of compartments, just about every by using some filtration material. Often, heaters, thermostats, as well as protein skimmers are usually slipped into the particular sump.



Lighting



A DIY metallic halide pendant lamp



Regular cyclical light can be used in aquariums for you to imitate daytime plus night. This is usually effective for species of fish along with invertebrates mainly because it establishes some sort of routine, makes it possible for them to rest, as well as can make them feel extra secure. The lighting effects utilised may differ determined by the residents from the aquarium. Typically, any type of lighting style for aquariums using sea food simply is undoubtedly unimportant. In aquariums comprising invertebrates, however, where by algal growing (of both free-living and also symbiotic algae) is definitely desired, more rigorous lighting effects will be required. There a wide range of kinds of lights available: several popular styles comprise fluorescent, VHO fluorescent (Very High Output), compact fluorescent, LED and sheet metal halide. Actinic lamps develop a deep blue pole designed that will simulate your dominant wavelength of light one or two metres below this ocean's sur face.



Many numerous options help make diverse claims regarding which kind of lighting style system is the actual best. In reality, just about every technological know-how or perhaps variation has specific to it positive aspects along with disadvantages. The most primitive lights reference can be herbal sunlight. This should be only efficient within places near the equator for the reason that intensity regarding natural light can be ideal there. Efficiently utilizing herbal sun rays involves complicated preparing and, while such, using these services can be put on exclusively the most important deep sea systems.



The upcoming intensify in engineering will be incandescent lamps. These became wasteful with energy, providing somewhere between 15 and 30 lumens for every watt regarding power (Out of the achievable 683 lumens each watt for an best lighting source). Standard fluorescent bulbs offer a great development more than incandescents. There usually are far better colouring temperature obtainable in fluorescent tubes that happen to be extra matched to aquariums when compared with these of standard light bulb. They are likewise additional efficient, averaging involving 90 along with 95 lumens for each watt. The disadvantage in usual fluorescent gizmos is the fact they can't contain the toughness to penetrate towards much deeper aquariums.



There are usually quite a few improved variations involving fluorescent technology. The primary types have grown huge end result (VHO), power compact fluorescent (PC), and T-5 excessive end product (HO). VHO lamps tend to be fluorescent lamps operate with higher electric power levels, commonly with regards to three instances the conventional wattage for any assigned bulb length. They have the good thing about large easy output, though the greater diameter bulbs confine the performance regarding reflectors. PC lighting effects can be high-power fluorescent lighting, though the incandescent bulbs are generally folded helping put more tubes within a assigned space. The result associated with PC bulbs usually are diminished by unproductive reflector designs.



VHO as well as PC light bulbs can also be relatively expensive in order to replace. T-5 HO lamps will be the latest variance on fluorescent lights. They are operate during a little bigger power levels compared to ordinary fluorescent lamps, but are produced substantially thinner. This makes for better reflector styles that find more gentle on the aquarium. Because of this, good quality T-5 programs often match up or discuss the actual end result with same in principle sleek and stylish fluorescent or perhaps VHO lighting fixtures. All sorts of fluorescent lighting style offer you the same productivity inside lumens per watt; it is the shape on the lamp as well as reflectors which makes their all round outputs different.



Metal halide lighting will be the next level upward from fluorescent technology. Metal halides manufacture concerning 90-100 lumens per watt of power. This is around exactly like fluorescent. The improvement along with metallic halides is the fact that they focus this kind of easy output in to a microscopic space, whilst fluorescent lights evenly light up your whole aquarium. This is often mentioned while issue source lighting, which is precisely what causes that rippling graphic effect on several leading-edge aquarium tank setups. This concentration of light expenditure increases the intensity, enabling shiny halide lights to getting a lots of gentle that will actually the very underside quantities of most aquariums. Metal halides can be bought in countless coloring temperatures , through 6500 K as long as 20,000 K, though light sources because excessive as 50,000 K will be ofte n found. The downsides involving metallic halide lighting are the expense and also this heat produced.



Most material halide accessories tend to be more compared to two times the price associated with a good same in principle wattage fluorescent system, although selling prices have in progress to help drop with recent years. Halide lamps work warmth together with light output. The area of the operating area rug becomes sizzling enough that will result in subsequent or finally gradation melts instantly, so this lights engineering needs to be employed by using caution. The temperature produced could likewise nice the aquarium for you to unwanted levels, typically necessitating using a chiller. The nearly all recently available inclusion towards set of aquarium tank lights technologies is actually LED lighting. These possess the possibilities being extra helpful than every some other tech nology, nonetheless have not yet come to be therefore due to issues of heating dissipation. LED's have good thing about issue source lighting, however are also totally dimmable at any electrical power level. This contains far more advanced light schedules, also the simulation connected with cloud cover. So far, LED's have found use generally when lunar lighting.



When taking into account lights regarding a strong aquarium, you'll find generally two factors for you to consider: wattage plus colouring temperature. Depending to the form of lighting effects (i.e. fluorescents, material halide, etc) the actual wattage associated with light emitted can vary considerably, out of tens of watts to be able to various hundred watts throughout a lighting system. Wattage, while not indicative connected with color, is definitely love energy in addition to essentially decides how brightly your lighting will shine. Due to the scattering involving light source inside water, the deeper a person's fish tank is, the harder powerful this light required. Color temperature, scored in kelvins (albeit a little bit unrepresentively) is the word for the color regarding light becoming provided because of the light fixture plus will be based upon this concept of blackbody radiation. Light with the sunrays has a shade heat involving just about 5900 K as well as li ghting style programs along with shade temps >5000 K are usually greatest regarding expanding facilities around both marine and also fresh water setting. 10,000 K light source is found bluish-white and makes important coloration in fishes in addition to corals. Higher up on that range generally there are 14,000 K as well as 20,000 K lamps that build a strong pink tint that act like that light disorders underseas, creating an optimum atmosphere to get invertebrates along with animals present.



Heating



Most marine aquarium inhabitants will be endemic in order to tropical reefs along with marine environments throughout Africa, Southeast Asia, as well as Red Sea. Marine fish tank temperature will need to simulate your environment with the residents and they are a lot of often preserved from 23 to help 28 levels Celsius (73-82 F). In areas the location where the ambient heat range is definitely less approach preferred temps from the tank this specific typically necessitates the application of an fish tank heater. In a few spots ambient heat is higher than the desired temperature along with refrigeration devices, often known as "chillers", are generally employed to cool the fish tank water.



Water testing



Marine aquarists normally examination water inside aquarium for a variety regarding inorganic symptoms connected with waters quality. These include:



Specific gravity, your relative gauge of waters density, is generally managed between 1.020 and 1.024 inside aquariums with fish only, and 1.023 and 1.026 to get aquariums formulated with invertebrates. Salinity must as a result often be somewhere between twenty eight plus 35 PPT, while using higher prices appearing helpful within advanced saltwater systems. Because salinity is by way of definition directly based on specific gravity, the two may be tried along with an economical hydrometer or refractometer.



pH really should be maintained among 8.1 plus 8.3. This can always be increased with a commercially available loading agent or perhaps through calcium-rich substrata. Carbonate hardness (KH) needs to be concerning eight and 12 degrees of carbonate hardness. A calibrated calcium reactor can assist within sustaining each pH and carbonate hardness. Using purified water from your invert osmosis/deionization (RO/DI) component can prevent KH and also pH fluctuation.



The nitrogen period looks at this conversion regarding deadly ammonia to nitrite and lastly nitrate. While perch waste products (urine as well as feces) and rotting matter generate ammonia, the majority of ammonia published (approximately 60%) in both marine and also fresh water aquariums is excreted instantly into your mineral water on the fishes' gills. Biological (bacterial) nitrification turns this ammonia into nitrite ions, NO2-, after which it to nitrate ions, NO3-. Nitrate will be effortlessly used up and assimilated through algae and hermatypic corals. Some nitrate is definitely transformed via an anaerobic bacterial process to totally free nitrogen, nonetheless using this method is quite difficult to help maintain. In your recent past, the majority of nitrate, which is less harmful in order to within a and many invertebrates in comparison with nitrites, gathered while in the water right until it turned out physically eliminated by way of waters change. However, count less marine aquarists at the moment are using the use of a special section of the particular container or split gas tank altogether, named a "refugium." A refugium is, while it has the title suggests, a new sheltered area which stocks mineral water while using primary, or display, tank. Refugiums normally consist of a deep crushed lime stone truck bed allowing anoxic specific zones in order to produce within these where by anaerobic acne bacteria can turn nitrate towards nitrogen gas, a useful means of nitrate removal. Various forms of macroalgae can always be produced plus refined in the refugium seeing that a different indicates of nitrate export. As refugiums grow to be prevalent throughout marine aquaria, nitrate levels are usually effortlessly probable intended for actually your inexperienced hobbyist. Ammonia and nitrite should be tried regularly; almost any detectable concentrations (i.e., above 0 ppm) is often indicative of your problem. Nitrates probably should not go over 2 ppm throughout reef tanks, and also twenty ppm within fish-only tanks. It is sometimes acceptable in order to use a small amount of nitrate buildup, when some livestock, specially fish, are fairly understanding with nitrate. Most corals, although qualified to assimilate nitrate, can not be required to survive, much less thrive, together with excessive nitrate concentrations.



Other suggested assessments include things like those to get calcium, carbonate alkalinity, magnesium, along with trace elements. It can often be beneficial (and necessary) with the aquarist to help homework that waters biochemistry variables for that specific organism that is certainly desired.



Acclimation



Acclimation is usually a process that's executed whenever adding fresh marine existence to a strong aquarium, in particular regarding invertebrates, who don't have any osmoregulation. This method gradually innovates your organisms for the normal water arrangement in the innovative environment, avoiding surprise causing from immediate changes around drinking water chemistry. There are generally a few several strategies of undertaking this, which include the usage of a push out line, or of a measuring cup or additional system for you to slowly mix water on the fish tank gas tank in to a container when using the brand new animal.



Water changes



Water improvements are generally a staple regarding fine ocean maintenance. Larger (approximately 200 gallon) aquariums tend to be additional dependable and mineral water changes might not should come about in the event the nitrogen cycle offers fully established itself in the actual tank, however this can be a marked by controversy affirmation involving aquarists. Water modifications are utilized to hold stability involving calcium, carbonate alkalinity, as well as magnesium which have been rapidly depleted in a very deep sea aquarium, while also having quantities of different search for components along with removing deadly solutes which in turn may possibly build up from various methods and are can not possibly be taken away by simply even leading-edge purification methods. Supplements are generally needed (such when calcium) whenever usual waters changes solely cannot not to lose satisfactory levels, particularly those of calcium, carbonate, plus magnesium. Water adjustme nts include deleting some sort of small percentage in the total volume from the aquarium, changing in which waters along with new pre-mixed saltwater. Pre-mixed saltwater may be dechlorinated and/or dechloraminatedypically having an ingredient for example bisulfite or even as a result of filtering. Water should be exposed to the identical heat in case greater than a 5% adjust is actually occurring. Salinity should match up which of the aquarium, as well as end up being dosed incredibly slowly whenever changing the salinity. Aging as well as aerating saltwater (such just as a new suitable container with a powerhead as well as airstone) can be advised since great exercise permitting the pH for you to stabilize.



Replacement normal water needs to be of the similar supply because aquarium, whether it become reverse osmosis (RO), de-ionized (DI), distilled as well as originating from a municipal supply, in order to stay clear of serious changes in waters chemistry. In instances when a single is usually upgrading some sort of harness water-based salt mixture using some sort of opposite osmosis-based salt mix, this substitute water need to be included little by little with the training associated with many hours in avoiding mailing this aquarium residents towards osmotic shock. However, large water modifications may not be cautioned beneath regime situations anyways, therefore this can be genuinely irrelevant. Municipal, and also tap into water, is just not suggested for the marine aquarium tank because it usually features high amounts regarding nitrates, phosphates, along with silicates along with various other dissolved solids which usually fuel the growth connected with pest algaes, mainly diatoms, which is found for a rust shaded powdery algae along with increases around that overabundance of silicates contained in just about all tap water. Water filtered by the three phase method including mechanical, carbon, reverse-osmosis, along with de-ionizing parts is suggested seeing that this can give that simplest path to definitely 100 % pure water. Four along with Five stage RO/DI filtration models may be purchased to get as little as $100 plus can be a affordable way of changing tap drinking water into drinking water usable within a marine aquarium.



Conservation



Almost all types saved within marine aquaria presently are usually found from the wild, although tank-raised individuals turned out to be significantly frequent as a viable alternative. Only a number of varieties including clownfish will be captive-bred over a financial scale. Much collecting is completed around Indonesia as well as the Philippines, where using cyanide in addition to some other harmful collection methods, when discouraged, is actually unfortunately common. The majority of are living rock and roll can also be refined inside the wild, along with current rules for this harvesting throughout Florida have triggered a new change to help Fijian in addition to aquacultured rock. Natural rock, because doing so will be established by coral polyps, takes decades or even centuries to form, and is often a vital environment regarding many marine species; thus, commercial-scale enjoying associated with naturally-occurring live rock offers happen to be belittled through cons ervationists. Additionally, many canine species sold to be able to hobbyists have pretty precise dietary along with environment prerequisites which is not attained by simply hobbyists (e.g. Labroides genus wrasses, this moorish idol); these animals almost inevitably stop functioning quickly and also have markedly minimized lifespans compared to wild specimens. Often these types of particular environmental specifications lead to improperly housed lifestock's colouring and also appearance to get poor. These issues tend to be downplayed by way of persons and organizations along with a fiscal desire for the trade. Hobbyists exactly who support conservation ought to acquire merely qualified net-caught sea food (although ensuring this legitimacy of such promises may be difficult) or captive-raised fish, as properly seeing that farmed corals as well as with supporting respectable ocean conservation efforts. The tastes corals is often "fragged", where a portion of some sort of more substantial captive coral is separated and may afterwards be raised straight into a student specimen, counting in coral propagation from the domestic aquarium; this trade around frags (i.e. fragments) gives the excellent opportunity regarding marine aquarists to acquire brand new as well as unique corals though confining that effect on the particular natural environment. Rare variety plus all those without getting a track record of appearing successfully stored in captivity must be avoided.



Commercial front



Various organizations possess introduced a financial entry to help fishkeeping, probably the largest being Marineland, Inc. With the advent involving large size business operations focusing on propagation considerable levels involving specimens, marine fishkeeping offers become a lot more frequent as compared with previously before. Perhaps the main turndown in marine fishkeeping may be the early setup cost. A a hundred US gallon (400 L) reef aquarium filled with coral and also equipment can cost well over $2,500 US. Aside on the difficulty, that is a substantial issue since that will exactly why freshwater fishkeeping remains to be consequently prevalent in comparison to it is marine counterpart.



References in addition to more reading



Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques, by Jay Hemdal



The Conscientious Marine Aquarist, by simply Robert Fenner



Invertebrates: A Quick Reference Guide, by Julian Sprung



Corals: A Quick Reference Guide, simply by Julian Sprung



Reef Invertebrates: An Essential Guide to Selection, Care along with Compatibility, by Anthony Calfo as well as Robert Fenner



Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, and Natural History, through Eric H. Borneman.



Natural Reef Aquariums: Simplified Approaches to Creating Living Saltwater Microcosms, by means of John H. Tullock



External links



Pets: Fish and also Aquaria: Marine with the Open Directory Project



RTAW Reefpedia, a Reef Keeping wiki maintained through the Marine Aquarium Societies of Australia



Protein Skimmer Info, a site allowing information, specifications, reviews plus DIY Plans regarding Protein Skimmers



Temperate Marine Info, a niche site providing tips and offering assets for any coldwater marine aquarium tank hobbyist



v d e



Aquarium and fishkeeping hobby



Types



Freshwater aquarium Marine fish tank Brackish water tank Community tank Biotope Reef aquarium



Aquarium products in addition to furniture



Filter Berlin Method Protein skimmer Deep sand pickup bed Heater Refugium Calcium reactor Bog-wood plus Driftwood Airstone Live are a blast Substrate Fishcam Aquarium fish feeder Aquarium lighting



Fish terms



Hardy bass Dither seafood Algae eater Bottom feeder Tropical sea food Coldwater fish Painted fish



Fish food



Flake meal Feeder perch Bloodworms Brine shrimp Tubifex tubifex Daphnia Infusoria



Lists



List regarding fresh water aquarium seafood kinds List associated with freshwater fish tank grow species List connected with fresh water tank invertebrate race List involving marine aquarium tank fish species List involving brackish aquarium sea food varieties List of fish tank diseases



Other terms



Aquascaping Spawning invokes Reef safe MacQuarium Bath treatment



Aquarium magazines



Practical Fishkeeping Tropical Fish Hobbyist Koi Aquarium Fish International



People



Takashi Amano Herbert R. Axelrod Julian Sprung



Aquarium relevant companies



Tetra Sera Eheim Hagen



Categories: FishkeepingHidden categories: Articles seeking additional suggestions from July two thousand and seven | All content articles wanting supplemental suggestions | All content with unsourced claims | Articles by using unsourced statements coming from December 2008 | Articles comprising video clip clips


Aqueons Aquarium

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