Marine Aquarium

Marine fishkeeping history

The earliest offshore tanks were being Venetian glass jars when the Romans held anemones outdoors, nonetheless all these models were quite simple lived. The initial personal ocean fishkeeping started out over a larger level inside 1950s, commencing considering the fundamental oblong glass aquariums (usually twenty gallon), even now favorite today. Bleached coral and a substrate associated with rough crushed coral were the particular norm. Algae, such as effective sorts including coralline algae, were being seen negatively along with were in general removed. The clean, sterile container seemed to be considered as that healthiest.

During that early days involving marine aquaria, saltwater ended up being collected at local beaches. Natural offshore contains countless unnecessary organisms plus pollutants. Aquarium literature of the time recommends which the most often retained marine fish have been that percula clownfish, sergeant major damselfish, small, brackish-water pufferfish and scats, jeweled blennies, and orange damsels. Aquariums were being designed with great atmosphere compressors, along with have been to a great extent aerated and filtered (primarily with undergravel filters, a tradition for several time).

An ever-growing number involving hobbyists having that difficulty connected with gathering natural sea waters and this concurrent improvement of analytical biochemistry techniques took analysis towards that inorganic make up associated with marine water. Synthetic salt blends were being developed to be able to duplicate your element environment belonging to the tropical ocean, which include trace aspects and also salts. This advance made marine fishkeeping favorite inside regions with no usage of thoroughly clean beach water.

Air driven, counter-current protein skimmers as well as reputable submersible power heaters were invented with Germany. Various advancements within filtration integrated trickle and hang-on filters, both equally allowing a far more pure equilibrium while in the aquarium environment. The progress with fluorescent light technology to supply better output, together with sheet metal halide lighting, made it possible for the best saltwater tanks, defining it as doable and keep corals and also other invertebrates without herbal sunlight.

More economical chemical examining granted aquarists to recognize the chemical houses connected with aquariums. By the 1980s, your biologically-based understanding of exactly how to maintain an artificial ocean setting contributed extra effective and widespread marine fishkeeping.

Modern fishkeeping

Marine aquarium components

The important features tend to be a strong aquarium, commonly made out of goblet or acrylic, filtration equipment, lighting, as well as an tank heater. Marine aquariums can easily range in volume through a lot less than eighty liters, (< something like 20 US gal) to be able to more than 1,200 litres (300 US gal). Small lists are more challenging not to lose as a result of a lot more rapid modifications in water chemistry. The most saltwater aquariums are somewhere between 160 and 400 liters (40 and one hundred US gal).

Nano deep sea fish tank serviced at home

Types connected with marine aquariums

Marine aquarists usually divide saltwater aquariums into all those construction bass only, those people housing perch with live rock, and those primarily created to home corals as well as other invertebrates (also referred to as ocean aquariums). Many fish hobbyists furthermore divide that different types of offshore tanks depending on your water temperature from which usually they're kept.

Tropical marine

The most usual sort of saltwater seafood tank, the warm marine tank, houses marine animals through tropical climates. Usually kept in between twenty four to twenty-eight college diplomas Celsius (76-82 F), these tanks incorporate warm deep sea tanks, and also fish-only tanks. These tanks have a tendency to possess a small concentrations regarding tiny plankton as well as other foodstuff eaten by simply filter feeders. Most livestock with regard to these types of aquariums are procured through commercial means.

Temperate marine (coldwater marine)

A temperate marine aquarium

One of the a lot more obscure different types of species of fish tanks, that coldwater marine tank, secures sea food connected with temperate climates, together with temperatures varying all-around twelve to twenty four college diplomas Celsius (5075F). While a large number of tanks usually are not seeing that aesthetically eye-catching when his or her tropical counterparts, colourful variety for instance dahlia anemones and also the lavish cowfish can end up being found. However most coldwater fish tend to be dull as well as uninteresting throughout color. Most amazing species are usually present in the particular american pacific. These tanks also are likely to call for further talent to maintain.

Since coldwater cnidaria are extraordinary and also coldwater corals solely manifest at excellent depths, hobbyists are typically confined to help fish, crustaceans as well as mollusks. Since there became several retail on the market coldwater fish, hobbyists will often have to bodily acquire specimens. The most familiar technique of doing this is by way of trolling or seining. Unlike retail on the market tropical fish, whose behavior styles in addition to reservoir compatibilities are effectively documented, coldwater fish demand much regional ichthyology knowledge in purchase to help preserve them.

Many temperate perch have got distinct local diet requirements, while others, like tautog (blackfish), will probably take in pretty much just about any crustacean or frosty foods. The blackfish ought not end up being kept by using crabs plus mollusks, even though additional fish, much like the oyster cracker toadfish, will do okay having every bass that is definitely certainly not modest adequate to suit into it's mouth. Due to help the item being a great localised hobby, owing to our men and women go the route of local tanks. However, they are more cost-effective in comparison with reef tanks, less costly plus less complicated in order to maintain, and the species of fish hardier. Most coldwater hobbyists start out for a fresh age, also it calls for experience ahead of you can with success appraise this match-ups on the species of fish with your area.[citation needed]

Live rock

Main article: Live rock

Live rock will be are insane that is within the ocean, constructed from limestone plus decomposing coral skeleton, usually around a new barrier deep sea including those close to Fiji, it is ordinarily protected having effective algae, coralline in addition to little invertebrates and bacterias that happen to be desirable within the aquarium. Some and also the this microfauna often identified with dwell rock and roll are crabs, snails, feather dusters, brittle stars, starfish, limpets, abalones, along with a great occasional sea urchin, sea anemone, coral, and also sea sponge. Also, if your aquarist is actually unlucky, a mantis shrimp. Bristleworms may also be common, many of which, while unattractive, will not be unsafe and therefore are handy scavengers; a few kinds is often pests, however. The accessory involving live steel is usually on the list of best solutions to make sure a balanced aquarium, because good ole' offers your buffer that will preserve huge pH (8.0-8.3), a lkalinity, and also acid-neutralizing capacity. Alkalinity is usually recognized by the rather confusing term, "carbonate hardness", or maybe KH. This is often tested in "degrees" (dKH) and also meq/L.

The microfauna located on stay rock are generally detrivores and herbivores (as they eat algae along with species of fish waste), and supply fish using a natural, appealing shelter. Live steel usually happens from on the internet agents when "uncured", plus have to become quarantined inside a separate tank when starying the particular curing process, , involving the actual unavoidable die-off associated with a lot of the rock's residents as well as the following production associated with unfavorable ammonia and nitrite. Live steel that is already relieved can be purchased at most of the family dog shops that compliment saltwater. Live sand is related to live steel which is equally desirable.

Filtration

A innovative sump with some storage compartments as well as a protein skimmer

Main article: Filter (aquarium)

In general, marine aquariums include additional elaborate purification specifications than a lot of freshwater aquariums. The several pieces commonly incorporate Wet plus dry filters and Protein skimmers. Protein skimmers are gadgets that will remove organic compounds before their particular degradation, so are furthermore very useful throughout marine aquariums. Protein skimming can be likewise employed in the favorite Berlin process that will utilizes dwell rock, along with recurrent partial water variations that will lower plus take away waste products. The Berlin procedure will depend on a lot with reside rock and roll getting listed while in the aquarium. The regulation is actually 1/2 - just one lb. per one particular US gallon (0.2 - 0.4 kg per 4 liters).

Some marine aquariums furthermore include a refugium and/or a sump. Refugiums are modest storage containers or aquariums that are hidden powering or beneath the primary tank and powering the idea via a mineral water pump. Refugiums include not too long ago develop into very popular between deep sea aquarists since they can be helpful to offer numerous reasons including putting water level or supplying a fish-free site for natural purification inside live are a blast and/or that sandbed. Fish-free refugiums tend to be sponsor to populations involving copepods, amphipods, isopods and also other zooplankton. The sump might include a amount of compartments, every having a personal purification material. Often, heaters, thermostats, plus protein skimmers are put in the particular sump.

Lighting

A DIY material halide pendant lamp

Regular cyclical light can be used with aquariums to be able to reproduce day time and also night. This is helpful with regard to fish and invertebrates the way it establishes a routine, facilitates these to be able to rest, in addition to tends to make all of them really feel more secure. The lighting style employed alters according to your occupants associated with the particular aquarium. Typically, the species of lighting style to get aquariums using fish solely is undoubtedly unimportant. In aquariums comprising invertebrates, however, where by algal increase (of both free-living and symbiotic algae) is actually desired, more rigorous lighting can be required. There are numerous styles involving gizmos available: many widespread sorts consist of fluorescent, VHO fluorescent (Very High Output), sleek and stylish fluorescent, LED plus sheet metal halide. Actinic lights make a deep random world selection developed that will mimic the dominating wavelength with mild your cou ple of metres below that ocean's surface.

Many various methods help make various promises related to which lights strategy is the best. In reality, each technology or maybe deviation provides its unique rewards along with disadvantages. The the majority of old fashioned illumination reference is organic sunlight. This is only efficient throughout spots close to the equator because the concentration with sun energy will be perfect there. Efficiently using healthy sun energy involves complicated preparing and, as such, this process is utilized on just the largest ocean systems.

The following boost inside technology can be incandescent lamps. These are generally incredibly wasteful with energy, providing between 15 in addition to 30 lumens every watt regarding power (Out on the doable 683 lumens for every watt regarding the best light source source). Standard fluorescent lights give a superb advancement over incandescents. There are better colouring heat accessible around fluorescent tubes that will are extra appropriate in order to aquariums when compared with those connected with regular light source bulb. They are usually likewise extra efficient, averaging somewhere between 92 % of and also 95 lumens for every watt. The disadvantage in typical fluorescent gizmos is actually they don't have the toughness to penetrate straight into lower aquariums.

There are a lots of improved changes with fluorescent technology. The main types are extremely high end result (VHO), energy tight fluorescent (PC), plus T-5 large output (HO). VHO flashlights usually are fluorescent bulbs manage with increased strength levels, typically three times the typical wattage with regard to a assigned light bulb length. They contain the a look at high easy output, even so the larger size bulbs restriction the particular effectiveness of reflectors. PC lighting is likewise high-power fluorescent lighting, even so the light sources usually are creased / folded that will put much more tubes within a assigned space. The output with PC bulbs usually are decreased by way of unproductive reflector designs.

VHO along with PC light sources can be quite expensive that will replace. T-5 HO equipment and lighting will be the hottest variance on fluorescent lights. They are manage at a little increased electrical power ranges as compared with standard fluorescent lamps, nonetheless are produced significantly thinner. This allows for extra efficient reflector patterns of which receive a lot more light source to the aquarium. Because associated with this, quality T-5 devices usually coordinate or maybe exceed that end product with same in principle tight fluorescent or perhaps VHO lighting fixtures. All varieties of fluorescent light offer you similar efficiency throughout lumens for every watt; it can be the design from the bulb and reflectors that helps make their all round outputs different.

Metal halide lights include the next levels up coming from fluorescent technology. Metal halides produce regarding 90-100 lumens every watt regarding power. This can be estimated at the identical because fluorescent. The improvement with material halides is the fact that these people focus this kind of mild end result right tiny space, whereas fluorescent lights consistently remove darkness from the complete aquarium. This is sometimes known as place reference lighting, as well as being what reasons the particular rippling vision impact upon a lot of leading-edge tank setups. This awareness involving light end product improves the intensity, making it possible for metal halide lights to acquire lots of gentle that will even that incredibly underlying part levels on most aquariums. Metal halides come in quite a few color temps , coming from 6500 K about 20,000 K, even though incandescent bulbs because high when 50,000 K are usually at times found. The downsides connected with metal halide lighting are the cost plus that heating produced.

Most metallic halide fixtures are generally over dual the price of a good comparative wattage fluorescent system, nevertheless charges have got commenced to help drop inside the latest years. Halide lamps completely focus heat in addition while light output. The outside of your running light turns into hot enough to help cause subsequent or finally diploma melts away instantly, hence this light technology need to often be applied having caution. The heat created can in addition cozy this aquarium to help unwanted levels, generally necessitating the application of a chiller. The newest add-on for the report on fish tank lights engineering is usually LED lighting. These possess the prospective to be far more efficient as compared with almost every other technology, nevertheless haven't yet become hence because of difficulties involving warm dissipation. LED's possess the advantage connected with issue source lighting, but can also be totally dimmable from just about any electricity level. This enables far more superior lighting schedules, actually the actual simulation associated with fog up cover. So far, LED's find work with largely seeing that lunar lighting.

When taking into consideration lighting effects with regard to an aquarium, right now there are usually a couple of factors in order to consider: wattage along with coloring temperature. Depending on the kind of illumination (i.e. fluorescents, sheet metal halide, etc) this wattage associated with gentle provided can vary greatly considerably, from tens regarding watts in order to many $ 100 or so watts within a lighting style system. Wattage, without the need of indicative regarding color, will be similar to electric power in addition to fundamentally decides exactly how gaily the actual light will certainly shine. Due into the dispersing connected with mild within water, the actual further people's gas tank is, greater powerful the actual lighting style required. Color temperature, tested in kelvins (albeit a little bit unrepresentively) is the word for the color of easy becoming emitted with the area rug as well as being influenced by the idea associated with blackbody rad iation. Light in the solar carries a colour heat with roughly 5900 K along with lighting style techniques by using colouring temperatures >5000 K usually are best pertaining to raising plants both in this marine as well as freshwater setting. 10,000 K mild appears bluish-white as well as highlights coloration inside these people own in and corals. Higher up on the particular spectrum you'll find 14,000 K and 20,000 K lamps that make a deep azure tint which act like the actual lighting ailments underseas, developing a strong best atmosphere with regard to invertebrates in addition to animals present.

Heating

Most marine fish tank residents are generally endemic to warm reefs and oceans with Africa, Southeast Asia, as well as Red Sea. Marine fish tank heat ought to mirror that environment belonging to the populace and are also usually maintained at 23 that will 28 degrees Celsius (73-82 F). In districts the location where the background temperature is actually fewer as compared to the specified temperatures associated with your tank this generally necessitates utilization of a strong fish tank heater. In several areas background temp will be more than the required heat and refrigeration devices, generally known as "chillers", are accustomed to awesome this aquarium tank water.

Water testing

Marine aquarists normally test out the particular mineral water within the tank for any variety connected with chemical indications connected with water quality. These include:

Specific gravity, a relative calculate of water density, will be commonly preserved among 1.020 and also 1.024 within aquariums having species of fish only, in addition to 1.023 and 1.026 pertaining to aquariums that contain invertebrates. Salinity should therefore become in between 28 and also thirty-five PPT, with all the higher beliefs getting beneficial with advanced reef systems. Because salinity is by means of distinction straight linked to specific gravity, together could be analyzed having a lower priced hydrometer and also refractometer.

pH needs to be preserved among 8.1 and 8.3. This is often elevated which has a commercially out there buffering agent or even by means of calcium-rich substrata. Carbonate solidity (KH) needs to be in between 8-10 and twelve month period degrees of carbonate hardness. A calibrated calcium reactor will help within retaining equally pH as well as carbonate hardness. Using pure waters at a reverse osmosis/deionization (RO/DI) unit could reduce KH and pH fluctuation.

The nitrogen circuit identifies the particular alteration of harmful ammonia to help nitrite fifth nitrate. While bass waste (urine as well as feces) and decaying make a difference launch ammonia, virtually all ammonia unveiled (approximately 60%) in both marine as well as freshwater aquariums is usually excreted straight into your waters from your fishes' gills. Biological (bacterial) nitrification changes the ammonia directly into nitrite ions, NO2-, after which it to be able to nitrate ions, NO3-. Nitrate is readily taken on and also assimilated by algae in addition to hermatypic corals. Some nitrate is definitely changed through an anaerobic bacterial process that will no cost nitrogen, nonetheless this method is very tricky to maintain. In the recent past, nearly all nitrate, which is usually a reduced amount of noxious to these people own in plus the majority of invertebrates than nitrites, harvested while in the drinking water until finally it turned out in physical fo rm eradicated simply by some sort of water change. However, countless marine aquarists can be hiring using its own area belonging to the fish tank or even individual fish tank altogether, labeled a "refugium." A refugium is, as it has the brand suggests, a sheltered spot which shares normal water with all the primary, or display, tank. Refugiums usually consist of some sort of heavy crushed lime stone pickup bed to permit anoxic areas for you to grow in just all of them when anaerobic bacterias can transform nitrate in to nitrogen gas, a useful method of nitrate removal. Various types of macroalgae is usually grown along with harvested from this refugium because another implies regarding nitrate export. As refugiums become extra prevalent within marine aquaria, nitrate degrees are easily workable with regard to possibly this newbie hobbyist. Ammonia and nitrite really should be examined regularly; almost any detectable quantities (i.e., more than 0 ppm) may be indicative of your problem. Nitrates need to not necessarily go over 2 ppm inside reef tanks, or perhaps 20 ppm throughout fish-only tanks. It might be satisfactory to acquire a smaller volume of nitrate buildup, as some livestock, mainly fish, are fairly understanding regarding nitrate. Most corals, when in a position to help assimilate nitrate, is unable to be expected to survive, a reduced amount of thrive, with excessive nitrate concentrations.

Other suggested exams consist of those people pertaining to calcium, carbonate alkalinity, magnesium, and also other trace elements. It is sometimes helpful (and necessary) with the aquarist for you to research the water biochemistry boundaries intended for the particular organism which is desired.

Acclimation

Acclimation is really a practice that is certainly performed when contributing brand-new marine existence to an aquarium, in particular regarding invertebrates, exactly who don't have osmoregulation. This method little by little brings out the actual organisms towards the water formula with the new environment, preventing surprise caused from quick changes within drinking water chemistry. There tend to be several different strategies for executing this, including the usage of a drip line, or maybe on the approximately cup as well as different apparatus that will slowly but surely combine normal water from the aquarium tank into a container using the new animal.

Water changes

Water improvements can be a staple of good saltwater maintenance. Larger (approximately 200 gallon) aquariums will be far more dependable and waters modifications may not ought to occur when the nitrogen spiral features fully recognized by itself in the tank, though it is a dubious report between aquarists. Water changes are utilized to take care of steadiness regarding calcium, carbonate alkalinity, and magnesium which usually are fast depleted within a reef aquarium, even though in addition keeping levels regarding some other search for factors while well when getting rid of deadly solutes which might accumulate coming from many distinct solutions so are can not always be taken out by means of sometimes advanced filtration methods. Supplements are desired (such as calcium) as soon as normal water changes only usually are not ready to keep up satisfactory levels, specifically those of calcium, carbonate, and magnesium. Water alterations require taking away some sort of fract ion from the full quantity belonging to the aquarium, upgrading that will water by using brand new pre-mixed saltwater. Pre-mixed saltwater continues to be dechlorinated and/or dechloraminatedypically with an additive this kind of when bisulfite or by way of filtering. Water need to be exposed to the identical heat range if greater than some sort of 5% alter is occurring. Salinity ought to complement in which from the aquarium, or always be dosed extremely gradually when switching your salinity. Aging and aerating offshore (such as with a bucket using a powerhead as well as airstone) is usually advised while good training to permit the particular pH to help stabilize.

Replacement drinking water ought to be of the same source since the aquarium, whether it always be reverse osmosis (RO), de-ionized (DI), distilled or maybe originating from a city and county supply, so that you can keep away from serious modifications within normal water chemistry. In cases where the first is replacing a tap water-based salt selection which has a reverse osmosis-based salt mix, that replacing water should be added in gradually within the study course connected with many hours to prevent sending the actual aquarium population directly into osmotic shock. However, great water modifications are generally not necessarily well-advised less than routine conditions anyways, thus this is certainly definitely irrelevant. Municipal, and also tap water, is just not recommended for your marine aquarium since it typically contains substantial concentrations involving nitrates, phosphates, as well as silicates along with dissolved solids which will fuel the growing connected with nuisance algaes, especially diatoms, which usually appears to be a rust dyed powdery algae and develops in the overabundance with silicates specific to just about all tap water. Water filtered by just a four step practice as well as mechanical, carbon, reverse-osmosis, along with de-ionizing parts is encouraged as this can offer the easiest route to absolutely genuine water. Four and Five stage RO/DI filtration models may be received pertaining to as small as $100 and are also some sort of charge powerful way of converting tap water into drinking water usable in a marine aquarium.

Conservation

Almost almost all kinds saved with marine aquaria right now tend to be trapped from the wild, even though tank-raised specimens have grown to be significantly popular as a feasible alternative. Only several species just like clownfish tend to be captive-bred with a financial scale. Much getting involved in collecting is completed in Indonesia plus the Philippines, where us going for cyanide and other damaging series methods, while discouraged, will be unfortunately common. The most survive steel can be prepared inside the wild, and also recent limits on this subject farm throughout Florida have brought about a shift to help Fijian along with aquacultured rock. Natural rock, given it is designed simply by barrier polyps, takes a long time in any other case 100's of years to form, which is a vital habitat pertaining to numerous marine species; thus, commercial-scale harvesting associated with naturally-occurring stay rock has become criticized simply by conservationists. Additi onally, quite a few animal types available to hobbyists possess very specific weight loss and also environment needs this are not able to be found by hobbyists (e.g. Labroides genus wrasses, that moorish idol); these creatures pretty much inevitably expire speedily and still have markedly reduced lifespans in comparison to crazy specimens. Often most of these specific topographical requirements cause improperly housed lifestock's colour plus appearance to become poor. These concerns are sometimes downplayed by simply men and women as well as organizations using a financial desire for that trade. Hobbyists whom help support conservation must obtain only authorized net-caught sea food (although making certain the legitimacy with these claims might be difficult) or perhaps captive-raised fish, as well as farmed corals so to help genuine deep sea resource efficiency efforts. The most of corals can be "fragged", where some sort of portion of the greater captive coral is separated and can hereafter possibly be raised in to someone specimen, including barrier propagation inside the home-based aquarium; the industry in frags (i.e. fragments) delivers a fantastic opportunity regarding marine aquarists to obtain brand new and distinctive corals although confining the particular effect on the herbal environment. Rare race and also all those with out a background regarding currently being with success kept within captivity really should be avoided.

Commercial front

Various companies possess contributed your business front to be able to fishkeeping, probably the most significant becoming Marineland, Inc. With the actual beginning connected with large level internet business experditions working on mating significant number of specimens, marine fishkeeping is now extra prevalent than actually before. Perhaps the main turndown in marine fishkeeping is the initial set up cost. A one hundred US gallon (400 L) deep sea fish tank rich in coral along with products can price inside far more than $2,500 US. Aside from the actual difficulty, this can be a huge component as to the key reason why fresh water fishkeeping holds thus widespread compared to it is marine counterpart.

References and additional reading

Advanced Marine Aquarium Techniques, through Jay Hemdal

The Conscientious Marine Aquarist, by simply Robert Fenner

Invertebrates: A Quick Reference Guide, by Julian Sprung

Corals: A Quick Reference Guide, by means of Julian Sprung

Reef Invertebrates: An Essential Guide to be able to Selection, Care and also Compatibility, through Anthony Calfo and also Robert Fenner

Aquarium Corals: Selection, Husbandry, along with Natural History, by Eric H. Borneman.

Natural Reef Aquariums: Simplified Approaches to be able to Creating Living Saltwater Microcosms, by means of John H. Tullock

External links

Pets: Fish and Aquaria: Marine with the Open Directory Project

RTAW Reefpedia, a new Reef Keeping wiki retained because of the Marine Aquarium Societies with Australia

Protein Skimmer Info, an affiliate site giving information, specifications, reviews and DIY Plans for Protein Skimmers

Temperate Marine Info, a website offering data and supplying assets for that coldwater marine fish tank hobbyist

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Aquarium as well as fishkeeping hobby

Types

Freshwater fish tank Marine tank Brackish water aquarium Community gas tank Biotope Reef aquarium

Aquarium products and also furniture

Filter Berlin Method Protein skimmer Deep stone dust pickup bed Heater Refugium Calcium reactor Bog-wood along with Driftwood Airstone Live rock and roll Substrate Fishcam Aquarium bass feeder Aquarium lighting

Fish terms

Hardy species of fish Dither seafood Algae eater Bottom feeder Tropical species of fish Coldwater species of fish Painted fish

Fish food

Flake meals Feeder bass Bloodworms Brine shrimp Tubifex tubifex Daphnia Infusoria

Lists

List regarding freshwater fish tank fish kinds List with freshwater aquarium tank plant kinds List of fresh water aquarium invertebrate species List of marine tank bass kinds List with brackish aquarium seafood variety List connected with aquarium tank diseases

Other terms

Aquascaping Spawning activates Reef safe MacQuarium Bath treatment

Aquarium magazines

Practical Fishkeeping Tropical Fish Hobbyist Koi Aquarium Fish International

People

Takashi Amano Herbert R. Axelrod Julian Sprung

Aquarium relevant companies

Tetra Sera Eheim Hagen

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